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{
  "metadata": {
    "url": "https://www.commerce.gov.in/international-trade/india-and-world-trade-organization-wto/indian-submissions-in-wto/disputes/indias-questions-to-the-european-communities-and-its-member-states-on-their-proposal-relating-to-improvements-of-the-dsu",
    "title": "INDIA's QUESTIONS TO the European Communities and its member states ON their PROPOSAL relating to improvements of the dsu - Mcommerce",
    "meta_description": "",
    "meta_keywords": "commerce,antidumping,TRADE,Press release, MOC"
  },
  "content": "INDIA's QUESTIONS TO the European Communities and its member states ON their PROPOSAL relating to improvements of the dsu - Mcommerce\nWelcome to Department of Commerce\nScreen reader access\nSkip to Main content\n+A\nA\n-A\nEnglish\nHindi\nEN\nHi\nGovernment of India\nMinistry of Commerce and Industry\nDEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE\nFactsheet on conclusion of India-EU Free Trade Agreement\nFact Sheet-India and New Zealand Conclude Free Trade Agreement\nIndia - UK Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA)\nAbout Us\nDepartment Of Commerce\nDepartment setup and function\nSubject Under Administrative Control\nAdvisory Board\nBilateral Chamber of Commerce\nOfficers handling Public / Staff grievances\nCitizen Charter\nAppellate Committee\nDivisions\nInternational Trade Policy Division\nTrade Policy Division\nRules, FTA Coordination, Regional and Plurilateral Division\nG-20\nForeign Trade Territorial Division\nForeign Trade (Africa)\nForeign Trade (NAFTA)\nForeign Trade 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Statements and Minutes of the Meetings\nTBT and SPS Portals\nIndia Trade Portal of SAARC, ASEAN and top 25 Countries\nTrade Promotion Programmes and Schemes\n7th Trade Policy Review (TPR)  of India\nFAQs on FTAs Engineering Sector\nEU GSP Scheme of Self Certification\nINDIA’s QUESTIONS TO the European Communities and its member states ON their PROPOSAL relating to improvements of the dsu\nTN/DS/W/5 7 May 2002\nDispute Settlement Body Special Session (02-2563)\nOriginal: English\nCommunication from India\nThe following communication, dated 29 April 2002, has been received from the Permanent Mission of India.\nIndia seeks certain clarification and information from the European Communities (EC) on their proposal relating to improvements of the WTO DSU as contained in document TN/DS/W/1. The clarification and information sought are for obtaining a better understanding of the proposal made by the EC and is without prejudice to any final position which India might take in this regard. The questions posed and clarifications sought are also not intended to be taken as exhaustive and India reserves its right to seek further information and additional queries as may be considered necessary.\nMOVING FROM AD HOC TO MORE PERMANENT PANELISTS\nThe EC’s first reason for moving from ad hoc to more permanent panelists (‘change’ herein after) is that there is a growing quantitative discrepancy between the need for panelists and the availability of ad hoc panelists.\nQuestion: – If there is already a growing discrepancy between “the need for panelists and the availability of ad hoc panelists” how, in EC’s view, would adequate number (15-24) of suitable individuals be available for consideration as permanent panelists?\nQuestion: – Could the EC point to specific instances or trends of such a discrepancy since the establishment of the WTO?\nThe EC states that on the demand side, it is now clear that there are many more panels under the WTO than under the GATT. Furthermore, the total duration of the cases is increasing, because of the frequent recourse to compliance panels and to arbitration on the suspension of concessions, procedures, which are now normally handled by the original panelists. On the supply side, according to the EC, it has proved more and more difficult to find qualified panelists who are not nationals of Members involved, be it as a complainant, a defendant or a third party.\nQuestion: – In the EC’s view is the requirement that panelists not be nationals of Members involved in the dispute a constraint on the choice of potential panelists?\nAccording to the EC, the result of the discrepancy between demand and supply has been an increasing delay in the selection of panelists, and an increasing recourse to the Director-General of the WTO for the appointment of panelists.\nQuestion: – Could the EC provide details establishing how the discrepancy between demand and supply has been delaying the selection of panelists over time? Could the EC also provide details of the cases in which recourse had to be sought to the Director-General of the WTO for the appointment of panelists?\nQuestion: – In the EC’s view is the increasing recourse to the Director-General of the WTO for the appointment of panelists an undesirable trend? If so, could EC explain why?\nThe second reason of the EC for change was that the dispute settlement process has become much more sophisticated than before and this has increased the workload of the panelists. It is not only because of procedural developments, such as preliminary rulings and the handling of business confidential information, that cases take more time to handle. It is also due to the increased complexity of the substance of the cases brought before the panels, both from a factual and a legal point of view, and because of the increased complexity of the assessment conducted by panelists.\nQuestion: – Why, in the EC’s view, would permanent panelists, as against ad hoc panelists, take less time in handling various procedural developments as listed by the EC?\nAccording to the EC, moving to a system of permanent panelists would most likely result in less reversals of panel reports by the Appellate Body than is currently the case, thereby reducing the total timeframe of the procedure, the workload of the Appellate Body and the costs for all the parties.\nQuestion: – The reason why a system of permanent panelists would most likely result in fewer reversals of panel reports by the Appellate Body is not clear. Would the EC elaborate on this aspect?\nQuestion: – If experience of panelists is a factor in adequately addressing the issues raised in a dispute, how does the EC reconcile this with the fact that in the disputes in which the Appellate Body reversed substantial number of findings of the panel, some of the panelists had experience of being a panelist in earlier dispute?\nQuestion: – If reversal of panel reports by the Appellate Body is a reflection on the panelists, how does the EC explain that some of the panelists whose substantial number of findings were reversed, subsequently served as panelists in other disputes?\nThe EC’s third reason for change is that it would enhance the legitimacy and credibility of the panel process in the eyes of the public, as the possibility of conflicts of interests would be eliminated and the independence of the panelists would be protected, as is the case in domestic proceedings or in the Appellate Body.\nQuestion: – Could the EC point out any instance in which the legitimacy and credibility of the panel process was questioned merely because the panel was composed of ad hoc panelists?\nThe EC’s fourth reason for change is that it would increase the involvement of developing countries in the panel process. Under the current system, only 35 per cent of the panelists having served since 1995 come from a developing country. Such a figure would increase with a more permanent roster of panelists that, as is the case with the Appellate Body, would be broadly representative of the WTO Membership.\nQuestion: – Could the EC indicate the approximate number of panelists from developing countries which it would consider to be broadly representative of the WTO Membership?\nThe EC concludes that moving from a system of ad hoc selection of panelists to a more permanent selection process would lead to faster proceedings and better and more consistent rulings.\nQuestion: – In order to ensure consistent rulings does the EC envisage a system of collegial consultations in respect of each dispute among all the permanent panelists, as is the practice in the Appellate Body?\nQuestion: – Would the EC give an approximate estimate of the time saved in various stages of the panel proceedings due to permanent panelists?\nQuestion: – On what basis does the EC conclude that permanent panelists would give better rulings?\nQuestion: – Has the EC made an estimate of the additional costs involved if its proposal on permanent panelists were to be accepted?\nThe EC explains that the moving from ad hoc to more permanent panelists would not constitute a radical change from the principles of the DSU: in effect, it would amount to reducing the size of the “roster of panelists” and to streamlining the selection process on the basis of that roster. In addition, it would be fully in line with the evolution of the dispute settlement system since the Uruguay Round.\nQuestion: – Why, in the EC’s view, would a system of permanent panelists not constitute a radical change from the principles of the DSU given that only the Appellate Body has been envisaged as a standing body?\nQuestion: – Could the EC explain what it means by “fully in line with the evolution of the dispute settlement system since the Uruguay Round”?\nReferring to its October 1998 proposal on roaster of 15 to 24 panelists, the EC states that this figure would be broadly accurate given the present workload of disputes. Further, on this point, according to the EC, it would be preferable at this stage to provide for a full-time activity, in order to ensure panelists of high quality and expertise and avoid as far as possible potential problems of conflict of interest.\nQuestion: – A possible drawback in the EC’s proposal may be that many a time governments/academic institutions may be reluctant to approve secondment of services of competent persons for a long period, say six years. On the other hand they may approve of such individuals serving as panelists on ad hoc basis for a limited period of time without the exclusion of their regular responsibilities. Thus the EC’s proposal to engage permanent panelists for full time activity may in fact restrict the choice otherwise available, making more acute the imbalance between the demand and supply of potential panelists. In the EC’s view how will this concern be addressed?\nQuestion: – In the EC’s view does the nationality of the panelist contribute to a possible potential problem of conflict of interest? How will this be addressed if permanent panelists replace ad hoc panelists?\nAs to qualifications, the EC proposes that the permanent panelists should have either demonstrated expertise in international trade law, economy or policy, and/or past experience as a GATT/WTO panelist.\nQuestion: – If past experience as a GATT/WTO panelists is taken as a qualification how does the EC explain the fact that in certain disputes in which substantially large number of findings were reversed by the Appellate Body the panel comprised of panelists who had served as a GATT/WTO panelist in the past?\nFollowing the Appellate Body procedures, the EC suggests that the three panelists should be selected from the proposed permanent panelists to hear a dispute. The merit of this selection process, according to the EC is obviously that the parties to the dispute will not at all be involved in the selection of the three panelists sitting in a specific case. In line with the practice of the Appellate Body, panelists would be appointed by lottery, depending on the availability of candidates. In case of direct or indirect conflict of interests, the panelist would have to disqualify himself from the procedure, and a new drawing would be made.\nQuestion: – Would the EC clarify whether the requirement that the panelists not be citizens of Member countries whose Governments are parties to the dispute or third parties would be adhered to while selecting the three panelists in a specific case? Who would determine whether there is a direct or indirect conflict of interest in a particular case? Would it be the panelists concerned or the Member countries, which are parties to the dispute including third parties?\nIMPLEMENTATION ISSUES\nQuestion: – The EC’s proposal does not address the crucial issue of how to make the defendant comply. In fact if EC’s proposal on making trade compensation more realistic is accepted, it could serve as an inducement for the losing party not to comply promptly with the DSB decision. If the EC agrees that the key objective of the dispute settlement mechanism is to secure withdrawal of WTO inconsistent measures, how does the proposal for making trade compensation more realistic encourage this objective?\nQuestion: – The EC has suggested “encouraging non-complying party to offer a compensation package”. Would EC elaborate further on what it means by “encouraging”? How does the EC reconcile this with the requirement that compensation should be voluntary?\nQuestion: – Would the EC agree that by agreeing on trade compensation the defaulting Member may have no incentive at all to bring its inconsistent measures into conformity with the WTO obligations? In view of the fact that compensation can only be temporary, would the EC consider that a time limit should be fixed beyond which trade compensation should not remain effective and the defaulting member necessarily have to withdraw the inconsistent measures?\nQuestion: – Does the EC recognize the fact that an inconsistent measure may adversely affect the trade interests of countries which may not be a party to the dispute and hence making trade compensation a more realistic alternative would go against the premise that the DSU serves to preserve the rights and obligations of the Members?\nTRANSPARENCY\nQuestion: – The EC has proposed that certain parts of the panel/Appellate Body proceedings be made open to the public for attendance. Would the EC clarify whether the public would also be permitted to make interventions and, if so, in what form, during such proceedings? Does the EC recognize the fact that it may be necessary to impose restrictions on reporting of such proceedings by the public that may have potential to otherwise prejudice the proceedings?\nQuestion: – Is the EC also of the view that Member countries which are not a party to the dispute would have a right of attendance during panel/Appellate Body proceedings?\nREGULATION OF AMICUS CURIAE SUBMISSIONS\nQuestion: – Does EC recognize that allowing amicus curiae briefs would create a time consuming additional process which cannot be reconciled with one of the reasons motivating its proposal on permanent panelists i.e. faster panel proceedings?\nQuestion: – Will the EC agree that at least one party must respond to arguments emanating from amicus curiae brief and hence would be required to assume additional obligations not presently provided for in the DSU?\nQuestion: – Would the EC agree that permitting amicus curiae briefs would result in giving rights to private entities which otherwise have no standing before the WTO?\nQuestion: – Would the EC agree that if amicus curiae briefs are permitted then the present disadvantages suffered by developing-country Members in international trade would get further accentuated as very few entities in the developing countries would be in a position to make amicus curiae submissions, while on the other hand, developing-country Members would have to assume the added burden of defending themselves against any arguments which such submissions might contain?\nQuestion: – The proposal of the EC regarding submission and consideration of amicus curiae briefs amounts to changing the inter-governmental character of the WTO. For one, ultimate compliance is to be done by Governments, not by others. Furthermore, Governmental position in disputes is arrived at after consultations with all domestic stakeholders. If Governments know that their non-governmental agencies have a further chance to influence the dispute settlement mechanism, then they would pay less attention to finalizing their positions and even worse, there may be implications for compliance by the Governments themselves. Would the EC comment on this aspect?\nQuestion: – The EC has suggested that an application for leave to file an amicus curiae submission shall contain certain information including details regarding funding of the entity and whether it has any relationship with any party or any third party to the dispute. Who would verify that the submitted information is correct or is it the suggestion that whatever information is submitted in the leave to file an amicus curiae submission will be assumed in good faith during the panel/Appellate Body proceedings?\nQuestion: – If in an amicus curiae brief a claim is raised which was not raised in the submission of the complaining party/third country Member, would such a claim be addressed by the panel/Appellate Body? Would the panel/Appellate Body address new arguments made in an amicus curiae submission, which was not otherwise made by any of the party to the dispute?\nQuestion: – The working procedures of the panel/Appellate Body provides for the parties to the dispute making comments and seeking clarifications on the submission made by other parties. Does the EC envisage a procedure whereby the entities submitting amicus curiae briefs would also be required to submit further information/clarification, which may be sought from them by various parties to the disputes?\nQuestion: – In view of the fact that the Appellate Body comprises persons of recognized authority with demonstrated expertise in law, international trade and the subject matter of covered agreements, what purpose would be served if amicus curiae briefs are permitted to be submitted and considered by Appellate Body whose consideration is limited to issues of law covered in the panel report and legal interpretations developed by the panel?\nQuestion: – Who will determine whether the entity making an amicus curiae submission has a direct interest in the factual or legal issues raised in the dispute? What parameters will be used to determine whether the entity has demonstrated such a direct interest in the factual or legal issues raised in the dispute? Can any of the parties or a third party to a dispute adduce evidence and object to the fact that entity has not demonstrated such a direct interest?\nQuestion: – Would the panel/Appellate Body be required to give a reasoned explanation of why certain submissions or parts thereof were addressed in its report, to the exclusion of other submission or parts thereof? Would the EC further agree that in absence of such reasoned explanation arbitrariness in consideration of amicus curiae brief cannot be ruled out, while on the other hand this would be a time consuming exercise?\nQuestion: – In footnote 2 of document TN/DS/W/1 the EC seeks to distinguish the submission and consideration of amicus curiae briefs from the right of any WTO Member to participate in dispute settlement proceedings as third parties. Would the EC elaborate on the distinction, which it is seeking to make in this regard?\nHome\nAbout Us\nWebsite Policy\nFeedback\nEngagement of ICs\nSitemap\nDisclaimer\nHelp\nContact\nShare With\nDownload Mobile Application\nCopyright 2023 (with latest amendments), all rights reserved with Department of Commerce, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India\nThe site is best viewed in Chrome 92.0 , Firefox 89.0 or Microsoft Edge 92.0 and standard resolution is 1920*1080\nLast Updated: \n\t\t\tNovember 8, 2024\nVisitors : \n\t\t\t 310784405",
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href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/divisions/administration-and-general-service-division/organisation-and-methods-internal-work-study-unit-career-management-and-training/\">Organisation and Methods/Internal Work Study Unit/Career Management and Training</a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu\">\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4076\" id=\"menu-item-4076\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/divisions/administration-and-general-service-division/record-cell/\">Record Cell</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4075\" id=\"menu-item-4075\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/divisions/administration-and-general-service-division/receipt-and-issue/\">Receipt and Issue</a></li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3759\" id=\"menu-item-3759\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/divisions/administration-and-general-service-division/rti-cell/\">RTI Cell</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li class=\"nav-icon menu-item-clk-third menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-11521\" id=\"menu-item-11521\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/divisions/vigilance-division/\">Vigilance Division</a></li>\n<li class=\"nav-icon menu-item-clk-third menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-3763\" id=\"menu-item-3763\"><a>Supply Division</a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu\">\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-3766\" id=\"menu-item-3766\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/divisions/finance-division/supply-division/litigation-arbitration-section/\">Litigation &amp; Arbitration Section</a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu\">\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11327\" id=\"menu-item-11327\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/divisions/finance-division/supply-division/cash-and-accounts-section/\">Cash and Accounts Section</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11322\" id=\"menu-item-11322\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/divisions/finance-division/supply-division/establishment-i-re-ssec-section/\">Establishment – I, RE &amp; SSEC Section</a></li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-11323\" id=\"menu-item-11323\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/divisions/finance-division/supply-division/establishment-ii-section/\">Establishment – II Section</a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu\">\n<li class=\"nav-icon menu-item-clk-third menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-3761\" id=\"menu-item-3761\"><a>Finance Division</a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu\">\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3762\" id=\"menu-item-3762\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/divisions/finance-division/finance-branch/\">Finance Branch</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11324\" id=\"menu-item-11324\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/divisions/finance-division/supply-division/vigilance-and-confidential-section/\">Vigilance and Confidential Section</a></li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11326\" id=\"menu-item-11326\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/divisions/finance-division/supply-division/gem-coord-and-rpi-section/\">GeM, Coord. and RP&amp;I Section</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li class=\"nav-icon menu-item-clk-third menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-16163\" id=\"menu-item-16163\"><a>Trade Promotion Division</a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu\">\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16166\" id=\"menu-item-16166\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/divisions/trade-promotion-division/trade-promotion-a/\">Trade Promotion-A</a></li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-17154\" id=\"menu-item-17154\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/divisions/trade-promotion-division/trade-promotion-b/\">Trade Promotion-B</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li class=\"nav-icon menu-item-clk-second menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-17044\" id=\"menu-item-17044\"><a href=\"#\">Attached Offices</a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu\">\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11332\" id=\"menu-item-11332\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/attached-offices/directorate-general-of-trade-remedies-dgtr/\">Directorate General of Trade Remedies (DGTR)</a></li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-11331\" id=\"menu-item-11331\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/attached-offices/directorate-general-of-foreign-trade/\">Directorate General of Foreign Trade</a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu\">\n<li class=\"nav-icon menu-item-clk-second menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-11333\" id=\"menu-item-11333\"><a href=\"#\">Subordinate Offices</a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu\">\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11335\" id=\"menu-item-11335\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/subordinate-offices/pay-and-accounts-office-supply/\">Pay and Accounts Office (Supply)</a></li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11336\" id=\"menu-item-11336\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/subordinate-offices/pay-and-accounts-office-commerce-textiles/\">Pay and Accounts Office (Commerce &amp; Textiles)</a></li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11337\" id=\"menu-item-11337\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/subordinate-offices/offices-of-development-commissioners-of-special-economic-zones-sezs/\">Special Economic Zones</a></li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11338\" id=\"menu-item-11338\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/subordinate-offices/directorate-general-of-commercial-intelligence-and-statistics/\">Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li class=\"nav-icon menu-item-clk-second menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-11334\" id=\"menu-item-11334\"><a href=\"#\">Autonomous Bodies</a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu\">\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11339\" id=\"menu-item-11339\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/autonomous-bodies/the-marine-products-export-development-authority-mpeda/\">The Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA)</a></li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11340\" id=\"menu-item-11340\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/autonomous-bodies/agricultural-and-processed-food-products-export-development-authority-apeda/\">Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA)</a></li>\n<li class=\"nav-icon menu-item-clk-third menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-11408\" id=\"menu-item-11408\"><a>Commodity boards</a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu\">\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11345\" id=\"menu-item-11345\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/autonomous-bodies/commodity-boards/coffee-board/\">Coffee Board</a></li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11346\" id=\"menu-item-11346\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/autonomous-bodies/commodity-boards/rubber-board/\">Rubber Board</a></li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11347\" id=\"menu-item-11347\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/autonomous-bodies/commodity-boards/tea-board/\">Tea Board</a></li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11348\" id=\"menu-item-11348\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/autonomous-bodies/commodity-boards/tobacco-board/\">Tobacco Board</a></li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11349\" id=\"menu-item-11349\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/autonomous-bodies/commodity-boards/spices-board/\">Spices Board</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11342\" id=\"menu-item-11342\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/autonomous-bodies/export-inspection-council-of-india-eic/\">Export Inspection Council</a></li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11343\" id=\"menu-item-11343\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/autonomous-bodies/indian-institute-of-foreign-trade-llft/\">Indian Institute of Foreign Trade (IIFT)</a></li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11344\" id=\"menu-item-11344\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/autonomous-bodies/indian-institute-of-packaging-iip/\">Indian Institute of Packaging (IIP)</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li class=\"nav-icon menu-item-clk-second menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-11379\" id=\"menu-item-11379\"><a>Public Sector Undertakings</a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu\">\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11380\" id=\"menu-item-11380\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/public-sector-undertakings/state-trading-corporation-stc/\">State Trading Corporation (STC)</a></li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11381\" id=\"menu-item-11381\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/public-sector-undertakings/pec-limited/\">PEC Limited</a></li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11382\" id=\"menu-item-11382\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/public-sector-undertakings/mmtc-limited/\">MMTC Limited</a></li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11383\" id=\"menu-item-11383\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/public-sector-undertakings/export-credit-guarantee-corporation-of-india-limited/\">Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India Limited</a></li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11384\" id=\"menu-item-11384\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/public-sector-undertakings/india-trade-promotion-organisation/\">India Trade Promotion Organisation</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li class=\"third-party-ex menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-11385\" id=\"menu-item-11385\"><a href=\"https://gem.gov.in/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">GeM</a></li>\n<li class=\"export-promotion-menu nav-icon menu-item-clk-second menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-11406\" id=\"menu-item-11406\"><a>Export Promotion Councils</a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu\">\n<li class=\"third-party-ex menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-11392\" id=\"menu-item-11392\"><a href=\"http://www.eepcindia.org/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">EEPC India</a></li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19758\" id=\"menu-item-19758\"><a href=\"https://www.escindia.in/\">Electronics and Computer Software Export Promotion Council</a></li>\n<li class=\"third-party-ex menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-11393\" id=\"menu-item-11393\"><a href=\"http://www.epces.in/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Export Promotion Council for EOUs &amp; SEZa</a></li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19763\" id=\"menu-item-19763\"><a href=\"https://www.telecomepc.in/\">Telecom Equipment and Services Export Promotion Council</a></li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-19762\" id=\"menu-item-19762\"><a href=\"https://www.medepc.org/\">Mobile and Electronic Devices Export Promotion Council</a></li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11407\" id=\"menu-item-11407\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/export-promotion-councils/federation-of-indian-export-organisation/\">Federation of Indian Export Organisation</a></li>\n<li class=\"third-party-ex menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-11394\" id=\"menu-item-11394\"><a href=\"http://www.projectexports.com\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Project Exports Promotion Council of India (PEPC)</a></li>\n<li class=\"third-party-ex menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-11395\" id=\"menu-item-11395\"><a href=\"https://chemexcil.in/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Basic Chemicals,Cosmetics and Dyes Export Promotion Council (Chemexcil)</a></li>\n<li class=\"third-party-ex menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-11396\" id=\"menu-item-11396\"><a href=\"http://capexil.org/\">Chemicals and Allied Products Export Promotion Council (CAPEXIL)</a></li>\n<li class=\"third-party-ex menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-11397\" id=\"menu-item-11397\"><a href=\"http://www.leatherindia.org\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Council for Leather Exports</a></li>\n<li class=\"third-party-ex menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-11398\" id=\"menu-item-11398\"><a href=\"http://www.sportsgoodsindia.org/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Sports Goods &amp; Toys Export Promotion Council</a></li>\n<li class=\"third-party-ex menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-11399\" id=\"menu-item-11399\"><a href=\"http://gjepc.org\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Gem and Jewellery Export Promotion Council</a></li>\n<li class=\"third-party-ex menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-11400\" id=\"menu-item-11400\"><a href=\"http://www.shefexil.org/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Shellac Export Promotion Council</a></li>\n<li class=\"third-party-ex menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-11401\" id=\"menu-item-11401\"><a href=\"http://www.cashewindia.org/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Cashew Export Promotion Council of India</a></li>\n<li class=\"third-party-ex menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-11402\" id=\"menu-item-11402\"><a href=\"https://plexconcil.org/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">The Plastics Export Promotion Council</a></li>\n<li class=\"third-party-ex menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-11403\" id=\"menu-item-11403\"><a href=\"http://www.pharmexcil.com\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Pharmaceutical Export Promotion Council</a></li>\n<li class=\"third-party-ex menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-11404\" id=\"menu-item-11404\"><a href=\"https://iopepc.org/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Indian Oil Seeds And Produce Export Promotion Council (IOPEPC)</a></li>\n<li class=\"third-party-ex menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-11405\" id=\"menu-item-11405\"><a href=\"http://www.servicesepc.org\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Services Export Promotion Council</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li class=\"nav-icon menu-item-clk-second menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-11386\" id=\"menu-item-11386\"><a href=\"#\">Other Organisation</a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu\">\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11387\" id=\"menu-item-11387\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/other-organisation/indian-diamond-institute/\">Indian Diamond Institute</a></li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11389\" id=\"menu-item-11389\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/other-organisation/india-brand-equity-foundation/\">India Brand Equity Foundation</a></li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11390\" id=\"menu-item-11390\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/other-organisation/price-stabilization-fund-trust/\">Price Stabilization Fund Trust</a></li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11391\" id=\"menu-item-11391\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/other-organisation/indian-institute-of-plantations-management/\">Indian Institute of Plantation Management, Bengaluru</a></li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16016\" id=\"menu-item-16016\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/other-organisation/national-export-insurance-account-neia-trust/\">National Export Insurance Account (NEIA Trust)</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11291\" id=\"menu-item-11291\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/whats-new/\">Whats New</a></li>\n<li class=\"nav-icon international-trade mobile-first menu-item-clk menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor menu-item-has-children menu-item-14285\" id=\"menu-item-14285\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/international-trade/\">International Trade</a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu\">\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-page-ancestor menu-item-11296\" id=\"menu-item-11296\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/international-trade/india-and-world-trade-organization-wto/\">India and World Trade Organization (WTO)</a></li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-11306\" id=\"menu-item-11306\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/international-trade/trade-agreements/\">Trade Agreements</a></li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11298\" id=\"menu-item-11298\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/international-trade/joint-statements-and-minutes-of-the-meetings/\">Joint Statements and Minutes of the Meetings</a></li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11297\" id=\"menu-item-11297\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/international-trade/faqs-on-ftas/\">FAQs on FTAs</a></li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11299\" id=\"menu-item-11299\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/international-trade/tbt-and-sps-portals/\">TBT and SPS Portals</a></li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11300\" id=\"menu-item-11300\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/international-trade/india-trade-portal-of-saarc-asean-and-top-25-countries/\">India Trade Portal of SAARC, ASEAN and top 25 Countries</a></li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11301\" id=\"menu-item-11301\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/international-trade/trade-promotion-programmes-and-schemes/\">Trade Promotion Programmes and Schemes</a></li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11302\" id=\"menu-item-11302\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/international-trade/7th-trade-policy-review-of-india/\">7th Trade Policy Review (TPR)  of India</a></li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11304\" id=\"menu-item-11304\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/international-trade/faqs-on-ftas-engineering-sector/\">FAQs on FTAs Engineering Sector</a></li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11305\" id=\"menu-item-11305\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/international-trade/eu-gsp-scheme-of-self-certification/\">EU GSP Scheme of Self Certification</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11294\" id=\"menu-item-11294\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/trade-statistics/\">Trade Statistics</a></li>\n<li class=\"third-party-ex menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-15800\" id=\"menu-item-15800\"><a href=\"https://niryat.gov.in/#?start_date=202204&amp;end_date=202209&amp;sort_table=export_achieved-sort-desc\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Niryat Portal</a></li>\n<li class=\"nav-icon menu-item-clk menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-14286\" id=\"menu-item-14286\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/media/\">Media</a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu\">\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11307\" id=\"menu-item-11307\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/departmental-updates/\">Departmental Updates</a></li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11308\" id=\"menu-item-11308\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/publications-reports/\">Publications/ Reports</a></li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11309\" id=\"menu-item-11309\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/press-releases/\">Press Releases</a></li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-18774\" id=\"menu-item-18774\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/photo-gallery/\">Photo Gallery</a></li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-18775\" id=\"menu-item-18775\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/video-gallery/\">Video Gallery</a></li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11310\" id=\"menu-item-11310\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/major-achievements/\">Major Achievements</a></li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li class=\"nav-icon menu-item-clk 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href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/hi/international-trade/india-and-world-trade-organization-wto/indian-submissions-in-wto/disputes/indias-questions-to-the-european-communities-and-its-member-states-on-their-proposal-relating-to-improvements-of-the-dsu\">Hindi</a></li>\n</ul>\n<span></span>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"mobile-menu-updated\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"\">\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"javascript:void(0)\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\"> About Us</span>\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-img\">\n<svg height=\"8.414\" viewbox=\"0 0 14.828 8.414\" width=\"14.828\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><defs></defs><g transform=\"translate(1.414 1.414)\"><path class=\"a\" d=\"M0,0,6,6l6-6\"></path></g></svg>\n</span>\n</a>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"javascript:void(0)\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\"> Department Of Commerce </span>\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-img-third-level\">\n<svg height=\"8.414\" 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grid-align-center\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/department-of-commerce/bilateral-chamber-of-commerce/\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\"> Bilateral Chamber of Commerce</span>\n</a>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/department-of-commerce/officers-handling-public-staff-grievances/\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\"> Officers handling Public / Staff grievances</span>\n</a>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/department-of-commerce/citizen-charter/\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\"> Citizen Charter</span>\n</a>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/department-of-commerce/appellate-committee/\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\"> Appellate Committee</span>\n</a>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<!-- end of level two menu -->\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"javascript:void(0)\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\"> Divisions</span>\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-img-third-level\">\n<svg height=\"8.414\" viewbox=\"0 0 14.828 8.414\" width=\"14.828\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><defs></defs><g transform=\"translate(1.414 1.414)\"><path class=\"a\" d=\"M0,0,6,6l6-6\"></path></g></svg>\n</span>\n</a>\n<!-- start of level two menu -->\n<ul class=\"mobile-last-menu-item\">\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/division/trade-policy-division/\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\">International Trade Policy Division</span>\n</a>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/division/foreign-trade-africa/\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\">Foreign Trade Territorial Division  </span>\n</a>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/division/export-products-agriculture/\"> <span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\"> Export Products Division </span>\n</a>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/division/plantation-a-tea/\"> <span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\"> Export Industries Division </span>\n</a>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/division/trade-finance-services/\"> <span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\"> Export Services Division </span>\n</a>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/divisions/sez-divisions/sez-division/\"> <span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\"> SEZ Division </span>\n</a>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/division/export-planning/\"> <span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\"> Economic Division </span>\n</a>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/division/establishment-i/\"> <span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\"> Administration and General Service Division </span>\n</a>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/vigilance-division/vigilance/\"> <span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\"> Vigilance Division </span>\n</a>\n</li>\n<li class=\"\">\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/division/finance-branch/\"> <span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\"> Finance Division </span>\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-img-last-level\">\n<svg height=\"8.414\" viewbox=\"0 0 14.828 8.414\" width=\"14.828\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><defs></defs><g transform=\"translate(1.414 1.414)\"><path class=\"a\" d=\"M0,0,6,6l6-6\"></path></g></svg>\n</span>\n</a>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/division/residual-purchase-and-inspection/\"> <span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\"> Supply Division </span>\n</a>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"javascript:void(0)\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\"> Logistics Division </span>\n</a>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<!-- end of level two menu -->\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"javascript:void(0)\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\"> Attached Offices  </span>\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-img-third-level\">\n<svg height=\"8.414\" viewbox=\"0 0 14.828 8.414\" width=\"14.828\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><defs></defs><g transform=\"translate(1.414 1.414)\"><path class=\"a\" d=\"M0,0,6,6l6-6\"></path></g></svg>\n</span>\n</a>\n<!-- start of level two menu -->\n<ul class=\"mobile-last-menu-item\">\n</ul>\n<!-- end of level two menu -->\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"javascript:void(0)\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\"> Subordinate Offices</span>\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-img-third-level\">\n<svg height=\"8.414\" viewbox=\"0 0 14.828 8.414\" width=\"14.828\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><defs></defs><g transform=\"translate(1.414 1.414)\"><path class=\"a\" d=\"M0,0,6,6l6-6\"></path></g></svg>\n</span>\n</a>\n<!-- start of level two menu -->\n<ul class=\"mobile-last-menu-item\">\n</ul>\n<!-- end of level two menu -->\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"javascript:void(0)\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\"> Autonomous Bodies </span>\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-img-third-level\">\n<svg height=\"8.414\" viewbox=\"0 0 14.828 8.414\" width=\"14.828\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><defs></defs><g transform=\"translate(1.414 1.414)\"><path class=\"a\" d=\"M0,0,6,6l6-6\"></path></g></svg>\n</span>\n</a>\n<!-- start of level two menu -->\n<ul class=\"mobile-last-menu-item\">\n<li class=\"grid\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/autonomous-bodies/the-marine-products-export-development-authority-mpeda/\"> The Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA)</a>\n</li>\n<li class=\"grid\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/autonomous-bodies/agricultural-and-processed-food-products-export-development-authority-apeda/\"> Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA)</a>\n</li>\n<li class=\"grid\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/autonomous-bodies/commodity-boards/\"> Commodity boards</a>\n<span class=\"inner-down-arrow commdity-arrow\"><img alt=\"Down arrow\" src=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/wp-content/themes/m-commerce/assets/images/down-arrow.svg\"/></span>\n<ul class=\"submenu-submenu-inner submenu-submenu-inner-level-second commdity-options\">\n<li class=\"grid grid-space-between grid-align-center\">\n<a class=\"grid\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/autonomous-bodies/commodity-boards/coffee-board/\">\n<span class=\"inner-down-arrow-left\"><img alt=\"Down arrow1\" src=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/wp-content/themes/m-commerce/assets/images/down-arrow.svg\"/></span>\n<span>Coffee Board</span>\n</a>\n</li>\n<li class=\"grid grid-space-between grid-align-center\">\n<a class=\"grid\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/autonomous-bodies/commodity-boards/rubber-board/\">\n<span class=\"inner-down-arrow-left\"><img alt=\"Down arrow2\" src=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/wp-content/themes/m-commerce/assets/images/down-arrow.svg\"/></span>\n<span>Rubber Board</span>\n</a>\n</li>\n<li class=\"grid grid-space-between grid-align-center\">\n<a class=\"grid\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/autonomous-bodies/commodity-boards/tea-board/\">\n<span class=\"inner-down-arrow-left\"><img alt=\"Down arrow3\" src=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/wp-content/themes/m-commerce/assets/images/down-arrow.svg\"/></span>\n<span>Tea Board</span>\n</a>\n</li>\n<li class=\"grid grid-space-between grid-align-center\">\n<a class=\"grid\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/autonomous-bodies/commodity-boards/tobacco-board/\">\n<span class=\"inner-down-arrow-left\"><img alt=\"Down arrow4\" src=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/wp-content/themes/m-commerce/assets/images/down-arrow.svg\"/></span>\n<span>Tobacco Board</span>\n</a>\n</li>\n<li class=\"grid grid-space-between grid-align-center\">\n<a class=\"grid\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/autonomous-bodies/commodity-boards/spices-board/\">\n<span class=\"inner-down-arrow-left\"><img alt=\"Down arrow5\" src=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/wp-content/themes/m-commerce/assets/images/down-arrow.svg\"/></span>\n<span>Spices Board</span>\n</a>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li class=\"grid\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/autonomous-bodies/export-inspection-council-of-india-eic/\"> Export Inspection Council</a>\n</li>\n<li class=\"grid\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/autonomous-bodies/indian-institute-of-foreign-trade-llft/\"> Indian Institute of Foreign Trade (IIFT)</a>\n</li>\n<li class=\"grid\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/autonomous-bodies/indian-institute-of-packaging-iip/\"> Indian Institute of Packaging (IIP)</a>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<!-- end of level two menu -->\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"javascript:void(0)\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\"> Public Sector Undertakings </span>\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-img-third-level\">\n<svg height=\"8.414\" viewbox=\"0 0 14.828 8.414\" width=\"14.828\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><defs></defs><g transform=\"translate(1.414 1.414)\"><path class=\"a\" d=\"M0,0,6,6l6-6\"></path></g></svg>\n</span>\n</a>\n<!-- start of level two menu -->\n<ul class=\"mobile-last-menu-item\">\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/public-sector-undertakings/state-trading-corporation-stc/\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\">State Trading Corporation (STC)</span>\n</a>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/public-sector-undertakings/pec-limited/\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\">PEC Limited</span>\n</a>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/public-sector-undertakings/mmtc-limited/\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\">MMTC Limited</span>\n</a>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/public-sector-undertakings/export-credit-guarantee-corporation-of-india-limited/\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\">Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India Limited</span>\n</a>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/public-sector-undertakings/india-trade-promotion-organisation/\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\">India Trade Promotion Organisation</span>\n</a>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<!-- end of level two menu -->\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center mgem-link\" href=\"https://gem.gov.in/\" target=\"_blank\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\"> GeM</span>\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-img-last-level\">\n<svg height=\"8.414\" viewbox=\"0 0 14.828 8.414\" width=\"14.828\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><defs></defs><g transform=\"translate(1.414 1.414)\"><path class=\"a\" d=\"M0,0,6,6l6-6\"></path></g></svg>\n</span>\n</a>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"javascript:void(0)\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\"> Export Promotion Councils </span>\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-img-third-level\">\n<svg height=\"8.414\" viewbox=\"0 0 14.828 8.414\" width=\"14.828\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><defs></defs><g transform=\"translate(1.414 1.414)\"><path class=\"a\" d=\"M0,0,6,6l6-6\"></path></g></svg>\n</span>\n</a>\n<!-- start of level two menu -->\n<ul class=\"mobile-last-menu-item\">\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/export-promotion-councils/federation-of-indian-export-organisation/\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\">Federation of Indian Export Organisation</span>\n</a>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/export-promotion-councils/eepc-india/\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\">EEPC India</span>\n</a>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/export-promotion-councils/export-promotion-council-for-eous-seza/\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\">Export Promotion Council for EOUs.&amp;.SEZa</span>\n</a>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/export-promotion-councils/project-exports-promotion-council-of-india-pepc/\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\">Project Exports Promotion Council of India (PEPC)</span>\n</a>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/export-promotion-councils/basic-chemicalscosmetics-and-dyes-export-promotion-council-chemexcil/\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\">Basic Chemicals,Cosmetics and Dyes Export Promotion Council (Chemexcil)</span>\n</a>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/export-promotion-councils/chemicals-and-allied-products-export-promotion-council-capexil/\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\">Chemicals and Allied Products Export Promotion Council (CAPEXIL)</span>\n</a>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/export-promotion-councils/council-for-leather-exports/\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\">Council for Leather Exports</span>\n</a>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/export-promotion-councils/sports-goods-export-promotion-council/\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\">Sports Goods Export Promotion Council</span>\n</a>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/export-promotion-councils/gem-and-jewellery-export-promotion-council/\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\">Gem and Jewellery Export Promotion Council</span>\n</a>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/export-promotion-councils/shellac-export-promotion-council/\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\">Shellac Export Promotion Council</span>\n</a>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/export-promotion-councils/cashew-export-promotion-council-of-india/\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\">Cashew Export Promotion Council of India</span>\n</a>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/export-promotion-councils/the-plastics-export-promotion-council/\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\">The Plastics Export Promotion Council</span>\n</a>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/export-promotion-councils/pharmaceutical-export-promotion-council/\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\">Pharmaceutical Export Promotion Council</span>\n</a>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/export-promotion-councils/indian-oil-seeds-and-produce-export-promotion-council-iopepc/\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\">Indian Oil Seeds And Produce Export Promotion Council (IOPEPC)</span>\n</a>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/export-promotion-councils/services-export-promotion-council/\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\">Services Export Promotion Council</span>\n</a>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<!-- end of level two menu -->\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"javascript:void(0)\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\"> Other Organisations </span>\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-img-third-level\">\n<svg height=\"8.414\" viewbox=\"0 0 14.828 8.414\" width=\"14.828\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><defs></defs><g transform=\"translate(1.414 1.414)\"><path class=\"a\" d=\"M0,0,6,6l6-6\"></path></g></svg>\n</span>\n</a>\n<!-- start of level two menu -->\n<ul class=\"mobile-last-menu-item\">\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/other-organisation/indian-diamond-institute/\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\"> Indian Diamond Institute</span>\n</a>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/other-organisation/india-brand-equity-foundation/\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\"> India Brand Equity Foundation</span>\n</a>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/other-organisation/price-stabilization-fund-trust/\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\"> Price Stabilization Fund Trust</span>\n</a>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/other-organisation/indian-institute-of-plantations-management/\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\"> Indian Institute of Plantation Management, Bengaluru</span>\n</a>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/about-us/other-organisation/national-export-insurance-account-neia-trust/\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\"> National Export Insurance Account (NEIA Trust)</span>\n</a>\n</li>\n</ul>\n<!-- end of level two menu -->\n</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/whats-new/\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\">What’s New </span>\n<!--\t<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-img\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" width=\"14.828\" height=\"8.414\" viewBox=\"0 0 14.828 8.414\"><defs><style>.a{fill:none;stroke:#327c76;stroke-linecap:round;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke-miterlimit:10;stroke-width:2px;}</style></defs><g transform=\"translate(1.414 1.414)\"><path class=\"a\" d=\"M0,0,6,6l6-6\"/></g></svg>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</span> -->\n</a>\n<!-- inner menu-->\n<!-- end of inner menu -->\n</li>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" href=\"javascript:void(0)\">\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-text\"> International Trade  </span>\n<span class=\"mobile-menu-updated-img\">\n<svg height=\"8.414\" viewbox=\"0 0 14.828 8.414\" width=\"14.828\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><defs></defs><g transform=\"translate(1.414 1.414)\"><path class=\"a\" d=\"M0,0,6,6l6-6\"></path></g></svg>\n</span>\n</a>\n<!-- inner menu-->\n<ul>\n<li>\n<a class=\"grid grid-align-center\" 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data-name=\"arrow-right copy\" id=\"arrow-right_copy\" transform=\"translate(1.131 1.131)\">\n<path d=\"M0,0,5.657,5.6,0,11.2\" fill=\"none\" id=\"Path\" stroke=\"#797979\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-miterlimit=\"10\" stroke-width=\"1.6\"></path>\n</g>\n</svg>\n</span></a>\n</li>\n<!-- End post Parent Code Here -->\n<!-- Last Current menu -->\n<li class=\"active\"><a href=\"javascript:void(0)\">  INDIA’s QUESTIONS TO the European Communities and its member states ON their PROPOSAL relating to improvements of the dsu\t\t\t\t\t<span>\n</span></a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n</div>\n</section>\n<!-- inner page html -->\n<section id=\"tab-sec-id\"></section>\n<section id=\"inner-page\">\n<div class=\"container\">\n<div class=\"grid\">\n<div class=\"expandable-sidebar\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t International Trade  \r\n\t\t\t  </div>\n</div>\n<div class=\"grid\">\n<div class=\"sidebar\">\n<div class=\"inner-main-heading\">\r\n                International Trade  \r\n              </div>\n<div class=\"sidebar-inner\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"grid\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/international-trade/india-and-world-trade-organization-wto/\" role=\"link\"> India and World Trade Organization (WTO)</a></li>\n<li class=\"grid\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/international-trade/trade-agreements/\" role=\"link\"> Trade Agreements</a></li>\n<li class=\"grid\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/international-trade/faqs-on-ftas/\" role=\"link\"> FAQs on FTAs</a></li>\n<li class=\"grid\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/international-trade/joint-statements-and-minutes-of-the-meetings/\" role=\"link\"> Joint Statements and Minutes of the Meetings</a></li>\n<li class=\"grid\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/international-trade/tbt-and-sps-portals/\" role=\"link\"> TBT and SPS Portals</a></li>\n<li class=\"grid\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/international-trade/india-trade-portal-of-saarc-asean-and-top-25-countries/\" role=\"link\"> India Trade Portal of SAARC, ASEAN and top 25 Countries</a></li>\n<li class=\"grid\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/international-trade/trade-promotion-programmes-and-schemes/\" role=\"link\"> Trade Promotion Programmes and Schemes</a></li>\n<li class=\"grid\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/international-trade/7th-trade-policy-review-of-india/\" role=\"link\"> 7th Trade Policy Review (TPR)  of India</a></li>\n<li class=\"grid\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/international-trade/faqs-on-ftas-engineering-sector/\" role=\"link\"> FAQs on FTAs Engineering Sector</a></li>\n<li class=\"grid\"><a href=\"https://www.commerce.gov.in/international-trade/eu-gsp-scheme-of-self-certification/\" role=\"link\"> EU GSP Scheme of Self Certification</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n</div>\n<!-- end of sidebar -->\n<div class=\"content-area\">\n<h1 class=\"inner-heading mgn-btm\">\tINDIA’s QUESTIONS TO the European Communities and its member states ON their PROPOSAL relating to improvements of the dsu </h1>\n<div class=\"inner-sub-nml-heading mgn-btm\">\n                 TN/DS/W/5 7 May 2002\n                </div>\n<p>Dispute Settlement Body Special Session (02-2563)<br>\nOriginal: English</br></p>\n<div class=\"inner-sub-nml-heading mgn-btm\">\n                 Communication from India\n                </div>\n<p>The following communication, dated 29 April 2002, has been received from the Permanent Mission of India.</p>\n<p>India seeks certain clarification and information from the European Communities (EC) on their proposal relating to improvements of the WTO DSU as contained in document TN/DS/W/1. The clarification and information sought are for obtaining a better understanding of the proposal made by the EC and is without prejudice to any final position which India might take in this regard. The questions posed and clarifications sought are also not intended to be taken as exhaustive and India reserves its right to seek further information and additional queries as may be considered necessary.</p>\n<div class=\"inner-sub-bld-heading mgn-top mgn-btm\">\n                 MOVING FROM AD HOC TO MORE PERMANENT PANELISTS\n                </div>\n<p>The EC’s first reason for moving from ad hoc to more permanent panelists (‘change’ herein after) is that there is a growing quantitative discrepancy between the need for panelists and the availability of ad hoc panelists.</p>\n<ul class=\"bullet\">\n<li>Question: – If there is already a growing discrepancy between “the need for panelists and the availability of ad hoc panelists” how, in EC’s view, would adequate number (15-24) of suitable individuals be available for consideration as permanent panelists?</li>\n<li>Question: – Could the EC point to specific instances or trends of such a discrepancy since the establishment of the WTO?<br>\nThe EC states that on the demand side, it is now clear that there are many more panels under the WTO than under the GATT. Furthermore, the total duration of the cases is increasing, because of the frequent recourse to compliance panels and to arbitration on the suspension of concessions, procedures, which are now normally handled by the original panelists. On the supply side, according to the EC, it has proved more and more difficult to find qualified panelists who are not nationals of Members involved, be it as a complainant, a defendant or a third party.</br></li>\n<li>Question: – In the EC’s view is the requirement that panelists not be nationals of Members involved in the dispute a constraint on the choice of potential panelists?<br>\nAccording to the EC, the result of the discrepancy between demand and supply has been an increasing delay in the selection of panelists, and an increasing recourse to the Director-General of the WTO for the appointment of panelists.</br></li>\n<li>Question: – Could the EC provide details establishing how the discrepancy between demand and supply has been delaying the selection of panelists over time? Could the EC also provide details of the cases in which recourse had to be sought to the Director-General of the WTO for the appointment of panelists?</li>\n<li>Question: – In the EC’s view is the increasing recourse to the Director-General of the WTO for the appointment of panelists an undesirable trend? If so, could EC explain why?<br/>\nThe second reason of the EC for change was that the dispute settlement process has become much more sophisticated than before and this has increased the workload of the panelists. It is not only because of procedural developments, such as preliminary rulings and the handling of business confidential information, that cases take more time to handle. It is also due to the increased complexity of the substance of the cases brought before the panels, both from a factual and a legal point of view, and because of the increased complexity of the assessment conducted by panelists.</li>\n<li>Question: – Why, in the EC’s view, would permanent panelists, as against ad hoc panelists, take less time in handling various procedural developments as listed by the EC?<br/>\nAccording to the EC, moving to a system of permanent panelists would most likely result in less reversals of panel reports by the Appellate Body than is currently the case, thereby reducing the total timeframe of the procedure, the workload of the Appellate Body and the costs for all the parties.</li>\n<li>Question: – The reason why a system of permanent panelists would most likely result in fewer reversals of panel reports by the Appellate Body is not clear. Would the EC elaborate on this aspect?</li>\n<li>Question: – If experience of panelists is a factor in adequately addressing the issues raised in a dispute, how does the EC reconcile this with the fact that in the disputes in which the Appellate Body reversed substantial number of findings of the panel, some of the panelists had experience of being a panelist in earlier dispute?</li>\n<li>Question: – If reversal of panel reports by the Appellate Body is a reflection on the panelists, how does the EC explain that some of the panelists whose substantial number of findings were reversed, subsequently served as panelists in other disputes?<br/>\nThe EC’s third reason for change is that it would enhance the legitimacy and credibility of the panel process in the eyes of the public, as the possibility of conflicts of interests would be eliminated and the independence of the panelists would be protected, as is the case in domestic proceedings or in the Appellate Body.</li>\n<li>Question: – Could the EC point out any instance in which the legitimacy and credibility of the panel process was questioned merely because the panel was composed of ad hoc panelists?<br/>\nThe EC’s fourth reason for change is that it would increase the involvement of developing countries in the panel process. Under the current system, only 35 per cent of the panelists having served since 1995 come from a developing country. Such a figure would increase with a more permanent roster of panelists that, as is the case with the Appellate Body, would be broadly representative of the WTO Membership.</li>\n<li>Question: – Could the EC indicate the approximate number of panelists from developing countries which it would consider to be broadly representative of the WTO Membership?<br/>\nThe EC concludes that moving from a system of ad hoc selection of panelists to a more permanent selection process would lead to faster proceedings and better and more consistent rulings.</li>\n<li>Question: – In order to ensure consistent rulings does the EC envisage a system of collegial consultations in respect of each dispute among all the permanent panelists, as is the practice in the Appellate Body?</li>\n<li>Question: – Would the EC give an approximate estimate of the time saved in various stages of the panel proceedings due to permanent panelists?</li>\n<li>Question: – On what basis does the EC conclude that permanent panelists would give better rulings?</li>\n<li>Question: – Has the EC made an estimate of the additional costs involved if its proposal on permanent panelists were to be accepted?<br/>\nThe EC explains that the moving from ad hoc to more permanent panelists would not constitute a radical change from the principles of the DSU: in effect, it would amount to reducing the size of the “roster of panelists” and to streamlining the selection process on the basis of that roster. In addition, it would be fully in line with the evolution of the dispute settlement system since the Uruguay Round.</li>\n<li>Question: – Why, in the EC’s view, would a system of permanent panelists not constitute a radical change from the principles of the DSU given that only the Appellate Body has been envisaged as a standing body?</li>\n<li>Question: – Could the EC explain what it means by “fully in line with the evolution of the dispute settlement system since the Uruguay Round”?<br/>\nReferring to its October 1998 proposal on roaster of 15 to 24 panelists, the EC states that this figure would be broadly accurate given the present workload of disputes. Further, on this point, according to the EC, it would be preferable at this stage to provide for a full-time activity, in order to ensure panelists of high quality and expertise and avoid as far as possible potential problems of conflict of interest.</li>\n<li>Question: – A possible drawback in the EC’s proposal may be that many a time governments/academic institutions may be reluctant to approve secondment of services of competent persons for a long period, say six years. On the other hand they may approve of such individuals serving as panelists on ad hoc basis for a limited period of time without the exclusion of their regular responsibilities. Thus the EC’s proposal to engage permanent panelists for full time activity may in fact restrict the choice otherwise available, making more acute the imbalance between the demand and supply of potential panelists. In the EC’s view how will this concern be addressed?</li>\n<li>Question: – In the EC’s view does the nationality of the panelist contribute to a possible potential problem of conflict of interest? How will this be addressed if permanent panelists replace ad hoc panelists?<br/>\nAs to qualifications, the EC proposes that the permanent panelists should have either demonstrated expertise in international trade law, economy or policy, and/or past experience as a GATT/WTO panelist.</li>\n<li>Question: – If past experience as a GATT/WTO panelists is taken as a qualification how does the EC explain the fact that in certain disputes in which substantially large number of findings were reversed by the Appellate Body the panel comprised of panelists who had served as a GATT/WTO panelist in the past?<br/>\nFollowing the Appellate Body procedures, the EC suggests that the three panelists should be selected from the proposed permanent panelists to hear a dispute. The merit of this selection process, according to the EC is obviously that the parties to the dispute will not at all be involved in the selection of the three panelists sitting in a specific case. In line with the practice of the Appellate Body, panelists would be appointed by lottery, depending on the availability of candidates. In case of direct or indirect conflict of interests, the panelist would have to disqualify himself from the procedure, and a new drawing would be made.</li>\n<li>Question: – Would the EC clarify whether the requirement that the panelists not be citizens of Member countries whose Governments are parties to the dispute or third parties would be adhered to while selecting the three panelists in a specific case? Who would determine whether there is a direct or indirect conflict of interest in a particular case? Would it be the panelists concerned or the Member countries, which are parties to the dispute including third parties?</li>\n</ul>\n<div class=\"inner-sub-bld-heading mgn-top mgn-btm\">\n                IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES\n                </div>\n<ul class=\"bullet\">\n<li>Question: – The EC’s proposal does not address the crucial issue of how to make the defendant comply. In fact if EC’s proposal on making trade compensation more realistic is accepted, it could serve as an inducement for the losing party not to comply promptly with the DSB decision. If the EC agrees that the key objective of the dispute settlement mechanism is to secure withdrawal of WTO inconsistent measures, how does the proposal for making trade compensation more realistic encourage this objective?</li>\n<li>Question: – The EC has suggested “encouraging non-complying party to offer a compensation package”. Would EC elaborate further on what it means by “encouraging”? How does the EC reconcile this with the requirement that compensation should be voluntary?</li>\n<li>Question: – Would the EC agree that by agreeing on trade compensation the defaulting Member may have no incentive at all to bring its inconsistent measures into conformity with the WTO obligations? In view of the fact that compensation can only be temporary, would the EC consider that a time limit should be fixed beyond which trade compensation should not remain effective and the defaulting member necessarily have to withdraw the inconsistent measures?</li>\n<li>Question: – Does the EC recognize the fact that an inconsistent measure may adversely affect the trade interests of countries which may not be a party to the dispute and hence making trade compensation a more realistic alternative would go against the premise that the DSU serves to preserve the rights and obligations of the Members?</li>\n</ul>\n<div class=\"inner-sub-bld-heading mgn-top mgn-btm\">\n                TRANSPARENCY\n                </div>\n<ul class=\"bullet\">\n<li>Question: – The EC has proposed that certain parts of the panel/Appellate Body proceedings be made open to the public for attendance. Would the EC clarify whether the public would also be permitted to make interventions and, if so, in what form, during such proceedings? Does the EC recognize the fact that it may be necessary to impose restrictions on reporting of such proceedings by the public that may have potential to otherwise prejudice the proceedings?</li>\n\n<p>Question: – Is the EC also of the view that Member countries which are not a party to the dispute would have a right of attendance during panel/Appellate Body proceedings?\n</p></ul>\n<div class=\"inner-sub-bld-heading mgn-top mgn-btm\">\n                REGULATION OF AMICUS CURIAE SUBMISSIONS\n                </div>\n<ul class=\"bullet\">\n<li>Question: – Does EC recognize that allowing amicus curiae briefs would create a time consuming additional process which cannot be reconciled with one of the reasons motivating its proposal on permanent panelists i.e. faster panel proceedings?</li>\n<li>Question: – Will the EC agree that at least one party must respond to arguments emanating from amicus curiae brief and hence would be required to assume additional obligations not presently provided for in the DSU?</li>\n<li>Question: – Would the EC agree that permitting amicus curiae briefs would result in giving rights to private entities which otherwise have no standing before the WTO?</li>\n<li>Question: – Would the EC agree that if amicus curiae briefs are permitted then the present disadvantages suffered by developing-country Members in international trade would get further accentuated as very few entities in the developing countries would be in a position to make amicus curiae submissions, while on the other hand, developing-country Members would have to assume the added burden of defending themselves against any arguments which such submissions might contain?</li>\n<li>Question: – The proposal of the EC regarding submission and consideration of amicus curiae briefs amounts to changing the inter-governmental character of the WTO. For one, ultimate compliance is to be done by Governments, not by others. Furthermore, Governmental position in disputes is arrived at after consultations with all domestic stakeholders. If Governments know that their non-governmental agencies have a further chance to influence the dispute settlement mechanism, then they would pay less attention to finalizing their positions and even worse, there may be implications for compliance by the Governments themselves. Would the EC comment on this aspect?</li>\n<li>Question: – The EC has suggested that an application for leave to file an amicus curiae submission shall contain certain information including details regarding funding of the entity and whether it has any relationship with any party or any third party to the dispute. Who would verify that the submitted information is correct or is it the suggestion that whatever information is submitted in the leave to file an amicus curiae submission will be assumed in good faith during the panel/Appellate Body proceedings?</li>\n<li>Question: – If in an amicus curiae brief a claim is raised which was not raised in the submission of the complaining party/third country Member, would such a claim be addressed by the panel/Appellate Body? Would the panel/Appellate Body address new arguments made in an amicus curiae submission, which was not otherwise made by any of the party to the dispute?</li>\n<li>Question: – The working procedures of the panel/Appellate Body provides for the parties to the dispute making comments and seeking clarifications on the submission made by other parties. Does the EC envisage a procedure whereby the entities submitting amicus curiae briefs would also be required to submit further information/clarification, which may be sought from them by various parties to the disputes?</li>\n<li>Question: – In view of the fact that the Appellate Body comprises persons of recognized authority with demonstrated expertise in law, international trade and the subject matter of covered agreements, what purpose would be served if amicus curiae briefs are permitted to be submitted and considered by Appellate Body whose consideration is limited to issues of law covered in the panel report and legal interpretations developed by the panel?</li>\n<li>Question: – Who will determine whether the entity making an amicus curiae submission has a direct interest in the factual or legal issues raised in the dispute? What parameters will be used to determine whether the entity has demonstrated such a direct interest in the factual or legal issues raised in the dispute? Can any of the parties or a third party to a dispute adduce evidence and object to the fact that entity has not demonstrated such a direct interest?</li>\n<li>Question: – Would the panel/Appellate Body be required to give a reasoned explanation of why certain submissions or parts thereof were addressed in its report, to the exclusion of other submission or parts thereof? Would the EC further agree that in absence of such reasoned explanation arbitrariness in consideration of amicus curiae brief cannot be ruled out, while on the other hand this would be a time consuming exercise?</li>\n<li>Question: – In footnote 2 of document TN/DS/W/1 the EC seeks to distinguish the submission and consideration of amicus curiae briefs from the right of any WTO Member to participate in dispute settlement proceedings as third parties. 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